A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire Essay Example

A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire Essay A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire The decline of China and Rome both shared similar economic strife in that they were both subject to barbarian and nomadic invasions, therefore having to spend large amounts of money on frontier defense; however, they differed in that the Han Empire collapsed in part due to the high taxes imposed on the peasant class resulting in a large peasant rebellion, such as the Yellow Turbans, while in Rome tax collections was in danger of abandonment as residents of the empire were few in number and in financial difficulty. In addition, the two empires were similar socially because of large epidemics, diseases, and plagues that caused a population decrease. Also, both experienced a cultural decay in intellectual creativity and innovations. Differences appear in that China shared common culture, such as the Chinese script, while Rome was more fragmented causing a less severe fall in China than Rome. Politically, the falls of both empires were similar in that their central governments no longer prospered, and split; Rome into first two, then four parts, and China into three parts. Contrasts appear when comparing political leaders in both civilizations. Rome experienced a period of political confusion when weak emperors ruled and succession turned into civil war, while in China it was the bureaucrats who became more corrupt and in turn local landlords gained more power. During the time of Classical China and Rome, nomadic tribes of barbarians inhabited areas around the civilizations. The Xiongnu and Xianbei were active tribes near China’s borders, while various Germanic tribes attempted to invade Rome. Both civilizations used a great deal of capital to protect the barriers of their civilizations. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer China began construction of the Great Wall, and Rome put up a series of garrisons and forts to protect their border. The effect of this was crippling on both civilizations, and eroded the empire’s economy. Though tax collection proved difficult in both empires, the gathering of taxes proved to be very different. The Han Empire chose to overtax the overwhelmingly large peasant class which instigated an enormous peasant rebellion led by the Yellow Turbans, a Daoist religious sect who opposed the over taxation of peasantry and attempted to form a â€Å"Golden Age†. In the Roman Empire, taxation slowly became a thing of the past, as the Romans decreasing population failed to pay taxes at all during hard times. As the Roman population decreased due to famine, disease, and the upper classes producing less offspring due to their quest for a pleasure-seeking life, soldiers were becoming scarcer, and the overall economy declined. Factors such as taxing and nomadic invasions weakened both societies economically, though both civilizations dealt with taxing differently, causing different effects. In both civilizations, epidemics broke out within the population. Public baths, sewage systems, and human-animal contact caused diseases such as malaria, smallpox, measles, and the bubonic plague to wipe out entire populations. In addition, both suffered a cultural decay intellectually. Roman scholars wrote textbooks summarizing already discovered information instead of developing new ideas. During that time, Romans became increasingly focused on pleasure seeking, turning away from political and economic ideas that once shaped their civilization. Confucian scholars in Han China became less creative and centered also, causing social and political decline in Confucian philosophies. However; when looking at unity in culture, the Chinese was much more unified than Rome, sharing a common Chinese script and language. Rome became much more fragmented, eventually dividing the Mediterranean world into three zones. Rome and China both had central, united governments that ended up dividing into several pieces. The governments, no longer able to continue and prosper due to revolt and economic set backs spilt Rome into two and eventually 4 parts while splitting Han China into three parts. In addition, great landed families in both empires grew in power and weakened the central state, reducing its resources. When comparing the two, political differences are also made evident. The government in Rome failed mostly as an effect of the problem of succession. Rome had many weak emperors, and the decision of who would next reign often resulted in civil wars that further fragmented the empire. Within Han China, the bureaucrats took over, corrupting the government, while the emperor transferred power to landlords, who gained more power. Han China and Classical Rome share many parallels in social, economic, and political aspects. Socially, epidemics and cultural decline shared a part in decline of both empires while China’s common culture resulted in less of a complete decline in the Han Empire. Looking into economics, both civilizations suffered from having to pay for defense on borders due to nomadic invasion, but the way the government dealt with taxes and how they were effected by them differed. Finally, politically both empires were fractured into various parts, but in Rome there were a multitude of weak emperors while the bureaucrats and landowners contributed more to the fall of the Han. Though both civilizations were â€Å"regrouped†, as Stern cautions use of the word decline, Han China’s tradition, politics, and distinct values led to the eventual revival of the society while Rome’s cultural diversity due to changing demographics by Germanic invasions resulted in a complete culture shock and a broken society. The Roman Empire could not be revived as Han China was; as the Chinese civilization used their strongly structured bureaucracy and Confucian values to emerge from a great fall.

East Timor essays

East Timor essays East Timor is located on the small island of Timor (slightly smaller than Maryland). This land is situated between Indonesia and Australia. The other half of the island is Indonesias province of West Timor. This small territory of East Timor is currently under a U.N. transitional government with total sovereignty scheduled for 2002-2003. The past of East Timor has been littered with Imperialism. Starting mid 1500s when Portugal colonized the territory through Japanese occupation during WWII, and again a return to Portuguese rule. Then in the wake of Portuguese de-colonization and civil war, a brutal military occupation by its new neighbor Indonesia. In 1509 the Portuguese arrived in the area of East Timor. They established their first settlements there in 1633. During the time before 1859 these two colonial powers signed a treaty establishing a boundary that divided Timor into the Dutch controlled west and the Portuguese controlled east. During Portuguese control many members of the native population where enslaved. In 1910 a rebellion of native peoples was suppressed after an n 18-month war for independence. During WWII The Empire of Japan occupied the Island of Timor. The Japanese also occupied all of the surrounding islands of Indonesia. During the occupation there was brutal fighting and nearly 40,000 East Timorese where killed in the struggle. After Japanese forces withdrew at the end of the war, rebellion broke out in Indonesia and in east Timor. Indonesias revolt against the Dutch was extremely successful ending in Indonesias independence. While in east Timor the rebellion was quickly and brutally put down by the Portuguese military. The Portuguese would remain in control until 1975 (despite U.N. calls for self-determination) when Portugals government was overthrown by its own military, which began a process of de-colonization. It is during this time that...

Analysis and apply the various theories and schools of thought for Essay

Analysis and apply the various theories and schools of thought for California Lutheran University - Essay Example In its policy, CLU offers equal opportunities to all qualified individuals regardless of their color, race, gender, origin, or disability. The classical theories The classical theories were developed by different scholars, whose main assumptions were largely based on the relations between the management and employees (Helrich, 2012). This is attained through structures, which are formally made to enable smooth communication process, established accountability, and official practices and procedures to prevent any kind of disputes. In the California Lutheran University, the management includes the University administrators and the directors, while lecturers and other subordinate staff are the employees. They have formally made procedures to be followed such as timetables of lectures and other schedules to ensure that there is no conflict between them and the students. Workers are treated as economic individuals whose motivation is money. However, they are regarded as products of means of production. Henry Fayol came up with fourteen principles of an organization, such as division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, and unity of command. In this university, all these principles have been applied on both the faculties and the students. The workers are dedicated to working with small numbers of graduate and undergraduate students who are disciplined, and open-minded about everybody, about ideas, and about their faith. Each student is seeking to grow as an individual while pursuing his or her passion and discover his purpose. The bureaucratic Theory of Management initiated by Max Weber helps an organization achieve objectives and goals. To him, an organization is efficient if has a continuous organization of formal functions interconnected by regulations, a hierarchy in administration, and rules to regulate office conducts. The institution has formal hierarchies from the University president down to the students. The governing bodies include the Convoc ation, Regents’ Board, the Cabinet of the President, and the Faculty. The executive cabinet provides leadership for the Programs Board and the senate to ensure that policies are executed and implemented. The Programs Board on the other hand officially represents the interests and wishes of all the students enrolled in the University. This hierarchy of roles runs down from the president of the institution to the students’ body to ensure that there is proper definition in tasks for a proper operations and order. The Human Resources management Human relations and schools of thought The Human Resource part of California Lutheran University has several departments, which work collectively to ensure that administrative roles and other responsibilities are achieved as desired. For instance, the senior Human Resource Administrator of the University administers all institutional compensation programs. He works with the HR Director on most of the scheduled projects such as analy sis, implementation, design, yearly salary programs, and budgeting. He assists the director with termination or disciplinary issues and general relations with the employees. The Director of Adult Degree Evening Program oversees faculty-student relations and recruitment and leads enrolment goal achievement, retention strategies, and excellence in student activities. The central aspect of the Human Relations school of thought is that when workers work

Managing Homeland Security Mid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Homeland Security Mid - Essay Example As the situation is stabilized and the immediate emergencies are remedied, the recovery phase is entered. During the restoration phase infrastructure is repaired and utilities are restored. This phase may last for years, as the ultimate goal is to "return the community's quality of life to at least the same level as it was before the disaster" (Lindell, Prater, and Perry, 2006, p.21). As can be seen by Hurricane Katrina, this could take decades. Emergency managers place most of their emphasis on preparedness and response. These phases overlap, as the degree of response will be a function of the preparation. This is appropriate, as that is where most resources and the greatest numbers of lives are at risk. Mitigation is often given too little attention, as people become complacent and the task is so difficult. However, the events of 9/11 have placed mitigation and preparedness for a terrorist act as a greater priority as seen in the border and airport security measures. Risk analysis is the process of assessment to determine the vulnerability to a disaster and the potential for impact that a disaster may have. This involves the physical risk that products such as chemicals may pose, or the degree of exposure a city may have to a flood. The location, security, and physical details all are components of risk assessment. In addition, risk assessment must also evaluate what the potential risks are. In the case of flooding, weather patterns and climate can indicate how often a disaster can be expected. Physical items such as chemicals or fuels may be subjected to terrorism or social activists that may wish to create chaos, and these risks are much more difficult to assess (Lindell, Prater, and Perry, 2006, p.154). The assessment would include an inventory of what products were stored at which locations and their potential as targets. In addition, there needs to be an assessment of the environmental damage that would occur in the event of a disaster. Thi s could be oil spills or gas leaks, as well as the release of caustic chemicals into a water supply. One of the difficulties facing a risk assessment manager is that many of the hazards that pose a risk are constantly changing. Chemicals can be moved and relocated as they are used. Many of the products, such as fuels, are mobile. If I were a city manager I would do a thorough risk assessment. I would also enlist the citizens and businesses as partners in risk reduction and prevention. Agricultural businesses may be a target for terrorists seeking to gain access to their chemicals, and they should be aware of the physical security required. 3.) Community Emergency Plan Emergency planning is critical for the management of a community and the health and safety of its citizens. Social and geographical differences make planning for a community an individual endeavor. It is also critical, as the local authorities will be the first responders and have the major initial responsibility for response. In addition, the local authorities would ideally have done an adequate risk assessment and have made plans to cope with the potential ris

Human Resources Management (HRM) in Aviva

Human Resources Management (HRM) in Aviva Introduction Today, organizations are recognizing the importance of using best practices to enhance the skills and knowledge of the workforce to have a competitive edge over other organizations competing in the market. An essential component of every organization is training and development of its employees. The effectiveness of training can be measured if the knowledge and skills of the potential employees is harness and developed. Harnessing, transferring and equipping information and knowledge to the potential employees within an organization in order to interpret that information and knowledge into practice with a vision to improve the organizational effectiveness and productivity and the management of the people in referred as training in general terms. Training programmes and development of new employees after recruitment and selection process is an ongoing and many folded set of activities. Training and development is carried on in order to convey knowledge and skills to a big shot, over and over again to perform a job or a new role in the future. In Aviva Life Insurance Company Private Limited, training is considered as an effective tool to keep hold of and motivate their people and to be acquainted with technical change and customer services. Training and development programme must be strategically arranged in a line with the mission and goals of an organization. It needs to be aligned and designed with the aim of training and equipping employees to achieve the organizational goals, departmental as well as personal goals. Training and development function is progressively more than a programme. Increasingly, it is a tool for breaking the new grounds and conveying continuous learning process and bringing about the change through training and development activities. Improved productivity has turn out to be universally recognized by the organization and it is dependant on efficient and effective training of the employees. Now a day, Aviva Life Insurance Company is investing on training and development of its workforce to stay a head and to gain competitive advantage. In order to stay competitive and to guarantee brilliant and skilled staff, Aviva needs to make sure the training and development of all the employees. Staff training and development is the bottom line of organization success. Planned training and development programme is a systematic development of knowledge and skills, attitude required to perform a job by the employees. Fresh candidate into Aviva carry certain skills and capabilities which are not pertinent to its goals and objects and or needs most of the time. It is the planned training and development program which are entailed for the new and existing employees to facilitate them to work in the direction of achieving expected destination of the organization. Mental, physical, social and intellectual trainings all are very essential for the development of personal and as well as for organizational success. Human Resources Management and Training Human Resources Management focuses on people recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, employee motivation and benefits. Human Resources Management is mess functioning part of Aviva Life Insurance Company which deals with human capital management and its administration. Human Resources Management includes number of functions and its Human Resources Functioning keeps change with the passage of time and according to the needs of an organization. When we look at the association between human resources management and training and development within an Aviva it is also keep varying. The activities related to training are as important as other human resources functions are equally important. There was a time when training was considered to be the waste of time, money and resources, and considered to be fruitless. But in this present age of advanced technology and competitiveness, training is considered to be an investment of time and money in human capital. Now a day, training is considered to be an essential instrument of human resources management in order to organize, control and develop the human capital to reduce the attrition rate this helps in keep motivating the entire workforce within an organization. It increases the satisfaction level of employ ees, helps professional achieving personal and organizational goals. Training is considered to be the backbone of employees, organizational success and as well as departmental success. Survival without training has become difficult for the departments within an organization such as sales and marketing, production and finance department. Human Resources Department is taking training as a priority and human resources management is carrying it out effectively. Training and development programmes in Aviva enhance the profile development in the organization. Human resources management and professionals play a vital role in this scenario. The role of human resources management and professionals can be seen as a dynamic participation in employee education and improved performance means more rewards and productivity (Gary Dessler, 2000). Training as a Strategic Function of Human Resources Management Aviva is investing money resources in training considering it as a payback asset. They believe that investment in human capital will provide it competitive edge worldwide and it will enhance the profile development in the organization. Training is considered to be an ongoing process. It is a never ending learning process. It is functional at all levels, lower, middle as well as managerial level. Training programme is a set of well planned activities. These activities related to training facilitate employees learning of knowledge, skills attitude to perk up the productivity to do their current job and enhance the performance to achieve organizational goals. Looking at the long term incentive of training, training and development of employees pertain to continuing efforts to improve working of entire human capital within an organization which will lead towards the achievement of personal and organizational goals. Training is essential for an employer of an organization for many reasons it facilitate the organization towards the development of human capital of a country. This gives an edge to the organization and changes its overall representation in the market and this can increase the relationship and influence. This necessitates a high level of collaboration between the employees and training and development team (Divina M. Edralin, 2004). Aims and Objectives of Study The research focuses on the evaluation of effectiveness of training carried on by Aviva. After the recruitment and selection of the employees it is important for Aviva to best train the new entrants so that they could perform better on job. Training of employees aims at taking best out of them. Training enhances the efficiency of the employees and it keeps them motivated. This study on evaluation of the effectiveness of training for employees in Aviva life insurance Company gives us an insight into the following objectives; The Objectives are: In order to get to know the value of training of human resources in any organisation. To know the various methods, strategies, programmes and techniques used by the organisations for training its employees. To check the value of the training programs that is conducted in the organization for their employees by analyzing the training programs. To be familiar with the changes that an organisation can need to enhance its training programs to create them more valuable for the employees. Identifying drawbacks of existing training process in practice in the organization. Providing recommendations in order to reduce deficiencies from the existing training process in Aviva. Purpose of the Study This research is taken to check that whether these training programs are in use in the organization and to check the authenticity of these programs for the employees. Its also check and evaluated that both these programs help the employees in Aviva to perform their tasks properly or not and also give organization a direction and way to improve and enhance their training program for better performance. Scope of the Study The scope of the study indents to provide an overview the typical methods used to evaluate the training effectiveness provided to the employees. The evaluation of effective training provided to the existing and new entrants ensure that the training was well structured and planned. A number of methods are used to measure the effectiveness of training. These techniques used in the Aviva to assess the effectiveness of training are organized and efficient and co-related to the training programmes. The tools and techniques used to weigh up the training effectiveness are considered to be the evaluation indicators. These indicators assist in establishing and maintaining effectiveness of the training provided to the employees. The main objective of using there indicators is to measure that to what extend the training objectives have been achieved and par the organizational needs. Limitations of the study Every study faces some limitation in carrying out its research. These limitations are unavoidable like always. This research expects to face the following limitations; The feedback or response of the respondents would be uncontrollable The study is confined to the training function only which is a strategic function of human resources management. Reaching out training programme policies would be difficult. The employees of the Aviva might not be willing to provide required information necessary to carry out the research. The data provided by the Aviva life Insurance Company, according to the sample set of employees might be biased Sample of chosen employees could be limited All the above mentioned limitations can be a stumbling block in the way of research findings, data collection and data analysis. Literature Review Following will the literature review relating to the research on evaluating the effectiveness of training for the employees. Training Conventional training necessitates covering up the important job-related skills and knowledge. On the whole, the most important and effective way to develop and train employees is based on effective training programme. Training is not only for the employees but also subjected to the top level management and the administration level. Employees should give training according to their job performance because every employee has different function to perform in organization. Function of Training The function of Training is: To provide employees with the skills and knowledge require ensuring optimum performance results, develop a cache of employees qualified to meet the organizations operational needs, and contribute to positive morale, employee satisfaction, and development. Importance of Training If the employees are giving proper training, it will benefit the organization in so many ways. By providing proper training Aviva can learn that how it will carry on in todays rivalry world and speedily varying atmosphere. Training helps in adding up worth to the reimbursement of the organization. If there is proper support from management and workers, Training will be more valuable. The value of training is as follows  [1]  : Productivity can be increased in an Aviva with proper training. Employees skill knowledge can be enhanced through training and it also helps a lot in improving whole character of the employee. Quality of work performed by the employees can be enhanced by providing proper training. Training helps in the improvement of the human resources in the organization by giving them skill base knowledge and through it employees can also improve their personality. Maintenance of employees within the organization is done by Training and reduces labors return. Employees get motivated for their work through training. Moreover, motivation helps the employees in performing organizational goals and objectives. To build a peaceful work place in Aviva training is considered an important tool. It will also help in establishing the employee relationships and enhance the organizational traditions. Aviva Life Insurance Company can get more profit through proper training. If the employees will get proper training then they will perform their work more efficiently which at the same time minimize the wear and tear. Goals and objectives in Aviva can only be achieved with proper training and it also helps the employees to perform their goals. Training Need Analysis Training is a part of Human Resource Development. Training is very important for the development of employees along with the organizational development. Human Resource is the only resource which can drive business for competitiveness. Training is needed at all levels in Aviva. Training is effective only when it is given to the right kind of person at the right time for the right objective and involves the right cost. So only that kind of training should be given to employees which is effective for both the organization as well as for employees. Training Need Analysis involve the collection of data related to the need for providing training to the employees. Methods of Training There are several methods used for training such as; On Job Training (OJ) Off Job Training (Seminars, Lectures etc) Cognitive Training (Discussions, Demonstrations etc) Behavioural Training (Role Playing, Business Games etc) Classroom Lectures Coaching Role Playing Mentoring (Divina M. Edralin. (2004). Research Questions The research questions are: What training programs are used by Aviva? What are the actions for all the training programs which are done by Aviva? How efficient and effective the training programs are done for the employees by Aviva? What suggestions and recommendations can be purposed to Aviva for the enhancement in their training programs? Problem Statement Organizations using training programmes are much effective and are meeting organizational needs or failing in todays changing world. Hypothesis Every research has two variables. The independent variable does affect the dependent variable in every research. AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING FOR EMPLOYEES Dependent Variable: Employees of an organization Independent Variable: Training Programmes Research Method and Data Collection Research Design It is essential to pursue a correct research method in order to feasible research. A research plan states basically the abstract arrangement within which the research can be obtained. The main purpose of a research design is to give for the gathering of related proof with accessible costs of effort, time and money. The research method should be able to elucidate the techniques suitable for obtaining the projected study. In order to estimate the efficiency of the training for the workers in Aviva Life Insurance Co. Pvt. Ltd, a relative research design has been selected. The research methods are helpful in describing the different training programs made by Aviva and the estimation of the usefulness of those training programs, in order to obtain the goals of the research. Data Collection for the research Primary Data Collection In this research, different methods have been used for collecting the data to quantify the results of this research. Both the primary and secondary data will be used for the research. The primary data will be collected by providing questionnaire to the employees in Aviva and by taking in-depth interviews. Secondary Data Collection The means of collecting the secondary data are magazines, books, journals, newspapers, internet, publications etc. The secondary data about the Aviva is collected by going through various journals, magazines, published statistics and websites of the organisation. Aviva has also provided data regarding their training programmes and their evaluation. For making the questionnaire and for deciding the questions to be asked in the interview, the data is collected about the topic of the research and about the organization through journals, websites, magazines etc. Sample Procedure The sampling procedure used in the research will be random sampling with each and every element in the population having equal chance of being selected. Keeping in mind the time and resource constraints, a sample of 40 employees were chosen. Conclusion The most important function of human resources management in Aviva is the training of employees. The transformation of skills and knowledge required to enhance the performance and increase the productivity can be achieved through effective training programme. Along with effective training, effective evaluation of training is necessary. The training programme should be according to the requirements and needs of the job. Before setting up any training programme, job specifications should be taken into account. The employees should also be fully motivated regarding the training programmes. For measuring whether the training objectives are achieved or not, evaluation should be done periodically. Evaluation helps the Aviva in measuring the effectiveness of the training programmes. There are proper methods for evaluating each and every type of training programme. The result of evaluation depends on the data collected by the organization for doing evaluation.

Themes of Arthur Millers The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Arthur Miller's The Crucible A group of teenage girls were secretly dancing in the woods with a black slave, named Tituba. When they were discovered of what they were doing, the girls started accusing certain individuals in the village of dealing with witchcraft. Within a blink of an eye, the entire village is controlled by a devil that exists within the fear of each person. A drama of suspense and impact, Arthur Miller's The Crucible, explores through the individuals' vengeance, fear, reputation, and quest for power. Vengeance is the main theme of The Crucible. The people of the town of Salem were not united, but instead, distrusted and disliked each other. During the court trials, the girls started accusing certain people that they didn't like of dealing with witchcraft. For example, Abigail Williams couldn't forget John Proctor even though their affair was over. She believed that if his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, was out of the way, Abigail and John would be together again. Therefore, she told everyone that Elizabeth's spirit was trying to kill her and accused Elizabeth of being a witch. Fear also played an important role in The Crucible. The girls were afraid of being accused as witches themselves, so they started accusing other people in the town of being witches. Moreover, many people who were accused of being witches confessed to being witches because they were scared of death. People who confessed to witchcraft and dealing with the devil only stayed in the jail for a short time while others who refused to give in were hanged. Towards the end of the play, Abigail and Mercy ran away with huge amounts of money because they were afraid that if the authorities found out that they were lying they would be punished severely. The theme of reputation and quest for people is also portrayed clearly in The Crucible. In the old days, children were considered unimportant. They weren't allowed to speak until given permission to, and they didn't make important decisions at all. However, during the witch court trials, Abigail and other girls had the power to say who was innocent and who was guilty. Probably, for the first time in their lives, they had power over Salem and they wanted to maintain it. Moreover, the authorities of Salem were afraid of losing authorities and power. For example, the judges, Governor Danforth and Ezekiel Cheever didn't want to admit that they were being fooled by a bunch of girls so they insisted that witchcraft existed in the town of Salem.

A Business Marketing Plan: Hunger Solution & Training Company Essay

Introduction This paper contains a marketing plan of a small production company that is earmarked to be established in Gardnerville, the suburb of Monrovia, Liberia, West Africa, my country of origin. The business which is to be named â€Å"Hunger Solution & Training Company† derived its name from the decade-long civil war that existed in Liberia that resulted into most of the citizens and other nationals of this country being internally displaced. These people which comprise of men, women, children, and other nationals, moved into the small capital of the country and its suburbs, making it very congested in terms of population. Others fled into neighboring countries like Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Guinea, and Togo. Due to the high rate of unemployment, most of the domestic farmers and others who were engaged in other businesses for survivals are unable to afford two or three sumptuous meals a day, leaving them and their children poor and hungry. Hunger Solution & Training Company is a not-for-profit Cassava-Powder Production Company founded on January 13, 2012. The Company produces cassava powder, a food that is widely consumed by 99% of the Liberian population in the country. Since cassava is a major crop in the country and there is a growing demand from its consuming public, the purpose of this Company is to cater to this hunger need of the growing number of the Liberian populace as well as those who are unemployed. The company will distribute its product to neighboring Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo who are users of this product and also hosting most of the Liberian citizens as refugees. The Company will also train and empower local farmers to re-use their farmlands, engage in large-scale farming, and make them to bring their produce to the company to be changed into cassava powder for marketing and distribution. Cassava Powder or cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics. It is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for around 500 million people. It is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of cassava (Faintuch Ceccenello, I. I., 2011). In Ghana, cassava Powder can be made into (fufu) and consumed with all kinds of soup: palm-butter soup, pepper soup, okra soup, and etcetera. In Liberia, cassava can be used to in different ways; it is made into fufu, farina, first solid food for babies, as well as achekeh. It can be used with many ingredients that add up to nourish the body. As you delve deeper into the paper, you will read about the strategies used to explain the product in terms of its primary characteristics, service component, and how it can be used for enhancement. You will read how the product can be expanded to product line with regards to the depth and breadth of the line. You have an insight of how the core business may change in response to industry and market changes and how this product can create an image in the mind of its consumers and entrepreneurs. You will further read about domestic and global product branding, pricing, and distribution strategies for cassava powder product and training initiated by Hunger Solution & Training Company. Further discussion will determine, detail, and examine how these branding, pricing, and distribution strategies support the cassava product and training services of the Company. A distribution channel will also be highlighted analyzing and identifying the wholesaler, retailer, and distributor relationship. If the strategy will be considered push or pull, it will be justified through the rationale that will be outlined in the paper. As you will advance further, you will discern how the distribution strategy fits the product and training aspect of the Company with regards to service, target market, and the Company’s overall marketing strategy. The Company will ensure that its product and training are essential to the needs of the Liberian consuming public as well as their manpower development. You will also read about the Company’s advertising strategy and how this approach will bring into line the Company’s marketing goals. It will be determined how effectively the advertising will be measured and how the different promotional strategies relevant to the Company advertising will be utilized. Further discussion will establish the best marketing research approach used to measure customer satisfaction with the Company’s product (cassava powder) and training service initiated to train farmer in implementing large-scale farming. It will be explained how gaps in customer expectations and experiences will be addressed by the marketing wing of the Company, using the high knowledge and proficiency of experienced and well-schooled people in marketing management. Type of Product and its Primary Characteristics This marketing plan will also engulf vision of the company, its mission statement, product and services, and underlying factor of the business. The plans will also contain a vivid description of the company in terms of its business product as well as SWOT analysis to demonstrate its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. A market target segmentation of customers, strategic mission, and its foreign expansion will be made to give a clear picture how the business will implement its transactions in and out of the country. Vision Statement Hunger Solution & Training Company determines to provide its customers with cassava powder that will be used for food consumption and empower its local farmers and others to engage into re-using their farm lands for growing cassava that will be made into cassava powder and to carry out large-scale farming. Mission Statement The mission of Hunger Solution & Training Company is to provide cassava powder to its customers for consumption in a safe and quiet way. The Company will also empower local farmers by training them and others to re-use their farmlands for growing cassava crop that will be brought to the Company for cassava powder making. Foreign Market and Rationale Since the Company is ideally located in Gardnerville, the suburb of Monrovia, it has resolved to extend its operations to neighboring Ghana, Togo, and Nigeria respectively. The major reason for this extension emanates from that fact that most of the Liberians nationals that fled the decade-long civil war migrated to these countries as refugees and are unemployed, living on subsistent businesses. Besides, the people of these countries (Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo) widely use plantain powder product, yam powder product, and cassava powder product in various ways for consumption. Management Team The Company is run and managed by four persons: John Garven, General Manager, Vonyee Garven, Chief Financial Officer, and Immanuel Garven, Director for Training and Development. Devon Okoro is the Marketing manager, while 25 other workers work in various sectors of the company. Market Segment Hunger Solution & Training Company (HSTC) targets all sectors of people who are found in Monrovia and its suburbs. It also concentrates on those in the rural areas where there are enough land to carry out large-scale farming. It also targets other nationals like the Nigerians, Ghanaians, Togolese, as well as Hispanic populations who are consumers of this product and living in Liberia. The Company’s product will also cater to women, men, children as well as babies. Since the country is underdeveloped and indigent, many of its vast unemployed citizens live on less than an American dollar ($1.00 USD) per day. Besides, the civil fracas contributed largely to deplorable living conditions of its people. The Company also targets to train farmers who migrated from the rural areas of the country and displaced in Monrovia as a result the civil war, and those unemployed wanting to engage in large-scale farming. SWOT Analysis The spirit of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the company is defined relative to other providers in the market, and how the company can identify and capitalize on its strengths, weaknesses, as well as exploring opportunities that can boost the company capabilities and weaknesses that could lead to its collapse, if not worked upon ( Powerhouse Marketing Plans, 2004). In this regards, the following are considered as SWOT analysis of Hunger Solution & Training Company: Strengths: The Company is given several thousand acres of land by government and townspeople in many of the country’s rural towns and villages for large-scale farming. It has a lot of farming machines, like tractors, equipment for sloughing the land, etcetera. There are other tools necessary to enhance smooth farming. It also has volunteer workers who will work for six months without pay. The management team is skilled in the area of business and has the capability to trains others to be productive. The company has donors that cater to 75% of its financial needs. Due to its supportive concept of alleviating the government to reduce the high rate of illiteracy, it is being subsidized by government. Weaknesses: The Company does not have vehicles that are accessible to the bad road condition in terms of conveying its product into some parts of the rural areas as well as its neighboring countries. As the results goods are delayed. Most of its workers are not trained as distributing and operating agents. Opportunities There is an availability of donor organizations in the United States and other developed countries in alacrity to sponsor such venture. NGO’s (non-governmental organizations) are present in the countries wanting to sponsor companies that have such programs. Threats: Bad road condition during the rainy season thwarts the efforts of good delivery of the company’s products. Another disadvantage that is envisaged is government regulations and the willingness of the internally displaced people to go back and settle into their counties of origin. Industry Analysis It is researched and understood that business of this nature is most time not taken on by a minute group of entrepreneurs but rather the government, which creates the means for multiple sponsorship that vehemently reduce its high rate of unemployment and contribute largely to replenishing its economy. The chief food product (cassava product) is a good business that has a huge competitive advantage in other countries that have this product as their chief product of consumption. Form this research survey, it is noticed that there is a need for the establishment of this company in Liberia since the country has none. Products and Services The selection of this product and training by â€Å"Hunger Solution & Training Company† is contingent upon my desire to enable everyone to at least afford a day’s meal and to empower people who are unemployed to get a job to do. In this regards, the company is considered as â€Å"light in darkness† for the Liberian people. The product is to be consumed by all of the people of Liberia including children as young as five months and to the elderly as old as eighty-five years. It offers a very cheap price that even the long-time unemployed workers can afford. Marketing Product # 2 Type of Product and its Primary Characteristics The selection of this product (cassava powder) and training by â€Å"Hunger Solution & Training Company† is contingent upon the desire to enable everyone to at least afford a day’s meal and to empower people who are unemployed to get a job to do. In this regards, the company is considered as â€Å"light in darkness† for the Liberian people. The product is consumed by all of the people of Liberia including children young as five months and to the elderly as old as eighty-five years. It offers a cheap price that even the long-time unemployed workers can afford. Beside the training program that is to be initiated and implemented by this company, it would specialize in the production of cassava powder. This product can be made into dumplings, fufu, stews, and gravies. The powder can also be made into bread, and milky pudding, similar to rice pudding. The major specialty it would offer is to create a good taste of preference to all that would use it to satisfy their consumption needs. The company will adapt to the improvement of quality standards so that maximum satisfaction is assured. Due to this, the company will also experiment with other new tenets of flavor that will enrich the taste of the original product, which will be made available to its consumers. An example would be cassava bread, milky pudding, gravies, stews and dumplings. Service Component of the Product Since a product is simply a marketing offering, that can be tangible or intangible and satisfy the consumption wants of the consumers, a service component of a product is the means that is devised to create interest in the mind of the consumer to purchase the product. This can be achieved through advertising the product on electronic or print media, or creating the awareness for purchasing. However, since the company is the sole producer and distributor of this product, it becomes a priority for the company to motivate and satisfy the needs of its consumers. In order to successfully implement this, the company must probe into complaints and dissatisfaction that will ensue from its customers. They must be given first preference and their complaints must be perfectly dealt with to assure them that without them the company will not exist. They will also be given discount like (buy three get one free); this will help to entice more customers including window shoppers and will give the company edge over other competitors. For the training aspect, free six-week training will be made available to those customers who will make the highest purchase of the product. Hence, the type of product that will be marketed by my company will be cassava powder, a product made from grinding dried cassava. This finished product can be made into fufu and other nutritional dish that can satisfy one’s hunger needs. In this regards, the company will become the chief distributors to wholesalers and retailers. There will also be a store operated by the company that will also carry out these sales. This product is one of the best sources of carbohydrates, nutrients that are used to nourish the body. Expansion of the Product to Product Line and Its Depth and Breadth of the Line â€Å"Hunger Solution & Training Company† does not only operate in the production of cassava product at affordable low cost, but also provide Organic Health Care food categorized as dumpling, milky pudding, cassava bread, as well as stews and gravies. The company’s media house offers tangibility of information and theses nutritional products that will go along with its chief product, the cassava powder. The free six-week training program for customers who will make the highest purchases in one month is advantageous for people who will be ready to engage in large-scale farming. Core Business Response to Industry and Market Changes If there is a change in business which may be a drop in sale that may result from market changes, the company may initiate downsizing and create a frictional job until these determining factors of the business are improved. Besides this, opportunities to explore that will contribute to improving the condition of the company’s sales; even in worsening situation will be initiated. Extension of this business will be geared at exploring opportunities that will yield diversification and staunch economic benefits as well as exploring changes that will epitomize response to industry and market changes. Conclusion A good marketing plan involves the use of several ingredients that form the mechanisms in which a person should be fortified with the understanding of the elements of marketing, in order to make a good decision. It is tenets of the company’s vision and mission, foreign market and management team, as well as its market segment and SWOT analysis. A good marketing plan engulfs marketing product which is the bait and tool a company or business entity uses to satisfy the needs and wants of its customers; it is the prerogative of the company to make this product attractive and affordable. 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